{"id":3920,"date":"2023-12-03T13:03:35","date_gmt":"2023-12-03T13:03:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/?p=3920"},"modified":"2023-12-03T13:03:38","modified_gmt":"2023-12-03T13:03:38","slug":"what-is-sql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/","title":{"rendered":"What is SQL?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language standard used to manage relational databases.\u00a0Therefore, it is important to understand\u00a0<strong>what SQL is<\/strong>, as it is widely used in managed data, management and data analysis systems in companies around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we will discuss the basic concepts of SQL, including its structure and syntax.&nbsp;Additionally, we will show the main commands and operators used to manage a database.&nbsp;We will also cover SQL data types, table creation and manipulation, advanced queries, and SQL security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#What_is_SQL_Starting_with_the_basics\" title=\"What is SQL?&nbsp;Starting with the basics\">What is SQL?&nbsp;Starting with the basics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#Structure_of_an_SQL_query\" title=\"Structure of an SQL query\">Structure of an SQL query<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#Data_types\" title=\"Data types\">Data types<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#Most_common_SQL_operators\" title=\"Most common SQL operators\">Most common SQL operators<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#Working_with_tables\" title=\"Working with tables\">Working with tables<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#Advanced_queries\" title=\"Advanced queries\">Advanced queries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/what-is-sql\/#SQL_Security\" title=\"SQL Security\">SQL Security<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_SQL_Starting_with_the_basics\"><\/span>What is SQL?&nbsp;Starting with the basics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Very simply speaking,&nbsp;<strong>SQL is a language for the operator to \u201ctalk\u201d to a database<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp;Through the SQL language, an operator (or a system) can ask questions to the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example: \u201cselect the 10 youngest employees in the company\u201d.&nbsp;Or even, \u201cinsert a new employee into the database\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through SQL, the DBMS (database server) understands what is being requested, scans it, and returns the result to the operator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>We should not confuse SQL with MySQL.<\/strong>&nbsp;Although they are very related terms, SQL is the language, and MySQL is a database server system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.homehost.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gustavo.jpg\" alt=\"autor gustavo\" class=\"wp-image-9582\" style=\"width:64px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The term SQL, in addition to meaning \u201cStructured Query Language\u201d, also originated from the abbreviation \u201c<strong>seek well<\/strong>\u201d.&nbsp;Translated into Portuguese, it means \u201cto search correctly\u201d.&nbsp;\u2013 comments Gustavo Carvalho<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_of_an_SQL_query\"><\/span>Structure of an SQL query<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The structure of an SQL query contains several parts that work together to return the desired data.&nbsp;The main parts of an SQL query include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SELECT Command<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use the SELECT command to specify the columns that you want to return in the query results.&nbsp;Thus, the first part of an SQL query is followed by the FROM clause.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FROM&nbsp;Command<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use the FROM command to specify the source of data that you want to return in the query.&nbsp;In this sense, this could be a table, a view, or a subquery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>WHERE command&nbsp;:<\/strong>&nbsp;we use the WHERE command to filter the query results.&nbsp;In this way, we use it to exclude records that do not meet a certain criteria.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>JOIN Command<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>:<\/strong>&nbsp;We use the JOIN command to combine data from two or more tables into a single table.&nbsp;So this is useful when you want to get information from multiple tables in a single query.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is an example of a simple SQL query that uses all of these clauses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT name, age, city\nFROM people\nWHERE age &gt; 18<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Data_types\"><\/span>Data types<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In SQL, there are several data types used to store and manipulate information in a database.&nbsp;Each data type has a specific structure and properties that determine how the data should be stored and manipulated.&nbsp;Here are some of the&nbsp;most common&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/mysql-data-types\/\">SQL data types :<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>VARCHAR<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use VARCHAR data type to store strings or strings of characters.&nbsp;It can store any type of text, including uppercase and lowercase letters, semicolons, and other characters.&nbsp;The size of VARCHAR may vary depending on the database, but can generally store up to 8000 bytes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INT<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use the INT data type to store integers.&nbsp;Where generally used to store codes or numbers that do not need to have decimal precision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DATE<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use DATE data type to store dates and times.&nbsp;In this way, we generally use it to store dates of birth, dates of birth of a product, or any other specific date or time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BOOLEAN<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use BOOLEAN data type to store true or false values.&nbsp;Thus, we generally apply it to indicate whether a condition is true or false, such as whether a user is active or not.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to these data types, there are many other data types supported by SQL, such as FLOAT, REAL, DECIMAL, and BINARY.&nbsp;Therefore, each data type has its own specific properties and uses, and it is important to choose the appropriate data type for each column when you create a table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Most_common_SQL_operators\"><\/span>Most common SQL operators<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL operators are used to compare values \u200b\u200band perform operations in a SQL query.&nbsp;In this sense, they are essential for building effective queries and filtering data according to your specific requirements.&nbsp;Here are some of the most common SQL operators:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>= Operator: We use the&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>equality<\/strong>&nbsp;operator&nbsp;(=) to compare values \u200b\u200band determine if they are equal.&nbsp;For example, if you want to return all records where the \u201cage\u201d field equals 30, you can use the following query:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM people WHERE age = 30;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>&lt; Operator<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use the less than operator (&lt;) to compare values \u200b\u200band determine if one&nbsp;<strong>value is less than another<\/strong>.&nbsp;For example, if you want to return all records where the age is less than 30:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM people WHERE age &lt; 30;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>&gt; Operator<\/strong>&nbsp;: We use the greater than operator (&gt;) to compare values \u200b\u200band determine whether one&nbsp;<strong>value is greater than another<\/strong>.&nbsp;For example, if you want to return all records where the age is greater than 30:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM people WHERE age &gt; 30;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>&lt;&gt; Operator:<\/strong>&nbsp;The not equal to (&lt;&gt;) operator, also known as the&nbsp;<strong>inequality<\/strong>&nbsp;operator , which is used to compare values \u200b\u200band determine whether one value is different from another.&nbsp;For example, if you want to return all records where the age is other than 30:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM people WHERE age &lt;&gt; 30;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>BETWEEN Operator<\/strong>&nbsp;: The BETWEEN operator is used to specify a&nbsp;<strong>range of values<\/strong>&nbsp;\u200b\u200band return all records that satisfy that criteria.&nbsp;For example, if you want to return all records where the age is between 20 and 30:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM people WHERE age BETWEEN 20 AND 30;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>IN Operator:<\/strong>&nbsp;We use the IN operator to specify a list of values \u200b\u200band return all&nbsp;<strong>records that satisfy this criteria<\/strong>.&nbsp;For example, if you want to return all records where the city is \u201cS\u00e3o Paulo\u201d or \u201cRio de Janeiro\u201d:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT * FROM people WHERE city IN ('S\u00e3o Paulo', 'Rio de Janeiro');\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Working_with_tables\"><\/span>Working with tables<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand what SQL is, it is important to differentiate between tables and databases.&nbsp;Tables are the basis of all data stored in an SQL database.&nbsp;In this way, they are made up of columns and rows, and each column represents a category of data, such as name, age, address, etc.&nbsp;Thus, tables are created and managed using SQL syntax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To create a table in SQL, you can use the following syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE table_name (\n    column1 data_type,\n    column2 data_type,\n    column3 data_type,\n    ...\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, to create a \u201cpeople\u201d table with \u201cname\u201d, \u201cage\u201d and \u201caddress\u201d columns, you can use the following query:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE people (\n    name VARCHAR(255),\n    INT age,\n    address VARCHAR(255)\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to creating a table, you can also manage tables using SQL.&nbsp;This includes defining predefined values \u200b\u200band integrity constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To define predefined values, you can use the following syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name\n    CHECK (column_1 BETWEEN value_1 AND value_2);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, to add a pre-defined value restriction to the \u201cage\u201d column of the \u201cpeople\u201d table, you can use the following query:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ALTER TABLE people ADD CONSTRAINT age_restriction\n    CHECK (age BETWEEN 18 AND 100);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Integrity constraints, you can use the following syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name\n    FOREIGN KEY (column) REFERENCES reference_table_name (reference_column);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, to add a foreign key constraint to the \u201ccity\u201d column of the \u201cpeople\u201d table, which refers to the \u201cname\u201d column of the \u201cstates\u201d table, you can use the following query:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ALTER TABLE people ADD CONSTRAINT foreign_key_city\n    FOREIGN KEY (city) REFERENCES states(name);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, tables are the foundation of all data stored in an SQL database.&nbsp;They are made up of columns and rows, and each column represents a category of data.&nbsp;Thus, tables can be created and managed using SQL syntax, including defining predefined values \u200b\u200band integrity constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advanced_queries\"><\/span>Advanced queries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most powerful features of SQL is the ability to perform advanced queries.&nbsp;Thus, these queries involve combining data from multiple tables, applying filters and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/case-when-sql\/\">sorts<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/group-by-sql\/\">creating aggregations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/join-sql\/\">JOIN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most common advanced query techniques is the use of joins.&nbsp;Joins allow you to combine data from two or more tables based on a common column.&nbsp;Thus, there are several types of joins, such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/join-sql\/\">INNER JOIN,&nbsp;OUTER JOIN<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/join-sql\/\">CROSS JOIN<\/a>&nbsp;, each with its own purpose and use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Subqueries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Subqueries are queries embedded within a main query, allowing you to run a query within another query, which can make queries more complex and powerful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Queries with aggregations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Allow you to calculate and aggregate data into a table.&nbsp;In this sense, it includes creating&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/count-sql\/\">counts<\/a>, averages, standard deviations, percentages and other useful information and is widely used to create reports and data visualizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SQL_Security\"><\/span>SQL Security<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Security is a fundamental aspect of protecting data in a SQL database, it includes user authentication and authorization, which ensures that only authorized users have access to data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Authentication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Authentication is the process of verifying a user&#8217;s identity.&nbsp;SQL offers several authentication methods, such as using hashed passwords, security tokens, and certificates.&nbsp;Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Authorization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Authorization, on the other hand, is the process of controlling users&#8217; access to data.&nbsp;Allowing database administrators to create users and set access permissions for each user, such as to read, write,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/update-sql\/\">update<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.copahost.com\/blog\/delete-into-sql\/\">delete data<\/a>&nbsp;in a table, or across the entire database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, it is important to ensure that data in an SQL database is protected from external attacks.&nbsp;Therefore, we use firewalls, data encryption and regular backups to ensure this protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is an example of how to configure user authentication and authorization in a SQL database using SQL Server:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-- Create user\nCREATE USER &#091;username] WITH PASSWORD = 'password';\n\n-- Assign permissions to the user\nGRANT ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS, CREATE SESSION, TABACCO\n  TO &#091;user_name];\n\n-- Limit database access\nALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER &#091;username];\nALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER &#091;username];<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, we create a user with the name \u201cuser_name\u201d and a provided password.&nbsp;Permissions are then assigned to the user, allowing the user to perform batch operations, create a session, and take notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to note that instructions and syntax may vary depending on the DBMS you are using.&nbsp;This example is for SQL Server, but other database management tools may have their own instructions.&nbsp;In this sense, you can learn much more with free SQL courses!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language standard used to manage relational databases.\u00a0Therefore, it is important to understand\u00a0what SQL is, as it is widely used in managed data, management and data analysis systems in companies around the world. In this article, we will discuss the basic concepts of SQL, including its structure and syntax.&nbsp;Additionally, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":3923,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mysql"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is SQL? - Copahost<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SQL is indispensable for anyone who works with data. 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